V2-f models
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Contents |
Introduction
The 
model is similar to the Standard k-epsilon model. Additionally, it incorporates also some near-wall turbulence anisotropy as well as non-local pressure-strain effects. It is a general turbulence model for low Reynolds-numbers, that does not need to make use of wall functions because it is valid upto solid walls.
The model uses a velocity scale, 
, instead of turbulent kinetic energy, 
, for the evaluation of the eddy viscosity. can be thought of as the velocity fluctuation normal to the streamlines. It can provide the right scaling for the representation of the damping of turbulent transport close to the wall.
The 
equations
The turbulent viscosity is defined as
and the turbulent quantities, in addition to standard and 
, are obtaned from two more equations: the transport equation for 
![\frac{\partial \upsilon^2}{\partial t} + U_j \frac{\partial \upsilon^2}{\partial x_j} = k f - \varepsilon \frac{\upsilon^2}{k} + \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \left[ \left( \nu + \frac{\nu_t}{\sigma_{\upsilon^2}} \right) \frac{\partial \upsilon^2}{\partial x_k} \right]](/W/images/math/6/9/e/69e51379b02339c882fd6df00c6c5102.png)
and the elliptic equation for the relaxation function 
where the turbulence length scale 
![\displaystyle L = C_L \max \left[ \frac{\displaystyle k^{3/2}}{\displaystyle \varepsilon} , C_{\eta} \left( \frac{\displaystyle \nu^3}{\displaystyle \varepsilon} \right)^{1/4} \right]](/W/images/math/e/1/3/e1346b0f44e1e583315e145067993987.png)
and the turbulence time scale 
![\displaystyle T = \max \left[ \frac{\displaystyle k}{\displaystyle \varepsilon} , C_T \left( \frac{\displaystyle \nu^3}{\displaystyle \varepsilon} \right)^{1/2} \right]](/W/images/math/a/0/0/a00e2233b75ac19515e8c7388b16f51d.png)
are bounded with their respective the Kolmogorov definitions (realisability constraints can also be applied, as given below).
The coefficients used read: 
, 
, 
, 
, 
, 
and 
.
The 
equations
The turbulent viscosity is defined as
and the turbulent quantities are obtained from another set of equations. When the change of variables is done, the obtained transport equation for 
reads
![\frac{\partial \zeta}{\partial t} + U_j \frac{\partial \zeta}{\partial x_j} = f - \frac{\zeta}{k} \mathcal{P} + \frac{\partial}{\partial x_k} \left[ \left( \nu + \frac{\nu_t}{\sigma_{\zeta}} \right) \frac{\partial \zeta}{\partial x_k} \right]](/W/images/math/3/8/a/38af893253f79ca1a41bf7721e975dfd.png)
and, in conjunction with the quasi-linear SSG pressure-strain model, the elliptic equation for the relaxation function
where the turbulence time scale
![T = max \left[ min \left( \frac{k}{\varepsilon},\, \frac{a_T}{\sqrt{6} C_{\mu} |S|\zeta} \right), C_T \left( \frac{\nu^3}{\varepsilon} \right)^{1/2} \right]](/W/images/math/2/a/5/2a5ffc6b0412d55794da80d158b5e378.png)
and the turbulence length scale
![L = C_L \, max \left[ min \left( \frac{k^{3/2}}{\varepsilon}, \,
\frac{k^{1/2}}{\sqrt{6} C_{\mu} |S| \zeta} \right), C_{\eta}
\left( \frac{\nu^3}{\varepsilon} \right)^{1/4} \right]](/W/images/math/7/0/7/70730f002515f1c28758512281d69cd2.png)
are limited with their Kolmogorov values as the lower bounds, and Durbin's realisability constraints.
The coefficients used read: , 
, , 
, , 
and .
Notes
This model can not be used to solve Eulerian multiphase problems.
Mathematically and physically the and the model are the same, but due to better numerical properties (stability and near-wall mesh requirements) the model performs better in the complex flow calculations.
References
- Durbin, P. Separated flow computations with the
model, AIAA Journal, 33, 659-664, 1995.
